- inheritance
      - auto-immune diseases
      - tumours
      - non-organic hearing impairment
      - exposure to loud sounds (industrial, music, leisure time activities)
      - toxic agents
   > Overview of associated medical disciplines such as
      - medical audiology
      - geriatrics
      - ENT/otorhinolaryngology
      - phoniatrics
      - anaesthesiology
      - imaging techniques
      - neurology/neuro-otology/neurosurgery
      - paediatrics
      - psychiatry
      - ophthalmology
      - general practice
      - genetics
      - physiotherapy
   > Prevention
      - noise induced hearing loss
      - ototoxicity
      - otitis media
   > Other disciplines
      - psychology
      - information from teachers, nursery staff etc.

• Diagnostical audiology:
   > Audiological assessment and site of lesion testing such as
      - history
      - otoscopy (with appropriate instruments)
      - psychoacoustic tests
      - electrophysiological tests
      - impedance tests
      - paediatric tests
      - tinnitus evaluation
      - others...
   > Tests for central hearing disorders
   > Basic evaluation of children
      - Behavioural Observation Audiometry
      - Visual Reinforcement Audiometry
      - Conditioned Orientation Reflex audiometry
   > Vestibular testing (basic knowledge, related to hearing)

• Technical audiology:
   > acoustical measurement and calibration
   > electroacoustics: transducers, amplifiers
   > signal processing: filters, AGC, etc.
   > speech technology
   > real ear measurements
   > standards
   > hearing devices
      - hardware/software
      - fitting procedures (general and language-dependent)
      - outcome/benefit measures
      - field tests
      - taking ear impressions, making of earmolds
      - assistive listening devices